| Christine | Farmer |

I’m happy to report that this year there have been up to three leafcutters at any one time nesting in the bee houses, which is a huge improvement on the situation last year where no bees nested at all! I think it likely that this is down to having moved the bee houses to a better location on a little wall at the end of the decking outside my studio. 

This summer I have taken thousands of photographs of the leafcutters as well as other solitary bees and bumble bees, and have been busy tagging, editing and organising them all. I now have a good selection of shots of the bees involved in all sort of activities. Over the coming months I’ll be working on drawings from these, which will eventually be used to illustrate the book on the leafcutters. I’ll post progress on the drawings as I complete them, and write in more detail about the bees and what I’ve observed over the summer. But to begin with, here is a selection of photographs to illustrate the story of the leafcutters this year.

The site of the nests, and some old cells:

Above: The last time we saw the leafcutters, the first of the bees was searching for a suitable nest site and clearing out old leaf debris from one of the bamboo stems. Above left is a shot of the site of the bee houses this year, at the end of the decking on a little wall. Some of the herbs I planted for the bees can be seen to the left of the shot. The chair directly in front of the nests is where I rest my camera when I’m pestering the bees! Centre left:The first leafcutter arrived early in the summer and cleared out some of the old nest material from previous years.

Above right:These two shots are of leaf cells from earlier years. The bees from these nests did not hatch out when the time came, and I dissected the cardboard tubes in which they had been laid to investigate. I’ve included the pictures again here to show the construction of the nests. This is the kind of leaf debris which the bee was clearing from the bamboo stems. You can see how pieces of leaf are used to make individual cells, into each of which is laid a single egg provisioned with nectar and pollen collected from the garden. This year the leafcutters did not use the cardboard tubes, although these were used by smaller bees. The earliest leafcutter first made a nest in the bamboo stalks, and when all those of suitable size were filled she moved on to the bee logs which I had drilled earlier in the year. For information about the types of bee houses I have and how to make and site them in your own garden, see this page.

Rose leaves and the bees:

Far left:this is the kind of thing you may have seen in your garden if you have leafcutters nesting nearby. These bees are particularly fond of roses, and cut these tell-tale elongated and circular holes in the leaves. I don’t particularly mind as they don’t seem to harm the plants too much – much worse things seem to afflict my poor roses! Centre left: if you look closely you can see the bee working away on this leaf. The picture centre rightshows how close were some of the rose leaves to the nest site itself. However, the bees are very particular in choosing their leaves and will sometimes fly quite a distance to gather specific material, even though there are what seem to be perfectly good leaves in the vicinity of the nests. I’ll write more about what I’ve observed of their selection process for nesting material at a later date as it is fascinating. Far right is a view of one of the logs which was used this year. Almost all of the holes in this log were filled by a single bee, who was very patient with my photographing of her. The sequence in which they were filled can be seen from the differing colours of the leaves as they dried over time in the sun.

Cutting the leaves:

Above: These bees have been nesting in my garden for a few years now but until this summer I had never seen any bees cutting leaves. Here is just one series of shots I was lucky enough to get of the bees in action. You can see the way she cuts and rolls the piece, ready to fly back to the nest. These elongated pieces are pressed into the sides of the tubes to form the sides of the cells, while circular pieces of leaf are used to seal the ends. 

Back at the nest, she seals a row of cells:

Above left: The bee arrives back at the nest with a piece of leaf. Once there she will work with the leaves, either constructing the sides of the cells, or in sealing the ends. In the two shots above centre we see her manipulating a piece of leaf into place with her jaws before pushing it with her head and nibbling and pressing it with her jaws. She is sealing the end of one of the rows of cells in the drilled log. In the above right picture you can see what a marvellous job she makes of pressing and cutting the leaf pieces into place. She uses many layers of leaves in this final seal, flying to and from the roses to gather each piece. The innermost of these discs are worked hard into place, while towards the outside she sometimes only tacks a few final pieces into place.

Feeding and foraging:

Above:The leafcutters lay a single egg into each leaf cell, and provide their offspring, who will not emerge until next summer, with a mixture of pollen and nectar gathered from flowers. Here is a selection of pictures of leafcutters in the garden this summer. Only the one on the right can I be certain is one of ‘my’ nesting bees, as she returns to the log carrying a load of pollen on the hairs of her abdomen. The other bees I think were visitors to the garden but were not nesting here. Which brings me to the question:

Which kind of leafcutter?

You may remember I ordered a back issue of British Wildlife with an identification guide to the leafcutter species. I am fairly sure I have two species, since there are obvious differences in the colour of the hairs on the underside of the abdomen. I am still undecided which species is which, and will post some closer shots of the bees soon, as some of you experts out there may be able to help with identification.

The bees have not finished work this year yet. I thought they had, since we had a some days of rain and cooler weather. It seemed that summer was over and the bees were gone. But over this past weekend there has been sunshine and I was surprised and happy to see the last of the leafcutters carrying a piece of leaf into the bee log. Yesterday morning she was sunning herself on the shelf in front of the nests. I’m not sure how long they usually work, and I expect it probably depends on the weather. The bee who filled the most tubes and features in the majority of the photographs has definitely gone, but this final bee seems to be very busy still, so let’s hope the sunshine lasts.

Meanwhile, inside the nests I expect that the first of the eggs has hatched and the new generation of bees which will chew their way out of the nests next spring is eating away at the food inside their little cells.

Some further pages of this site which you may find of interest:

| How to build bee houses | Plants for bees | Drawings of bees|

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All images ©Christine Farmer 2009-2011
Please contact me if you wish to use any of the images.

You may remember that last year I had very little success with my solitary bee houses, and was surprised when a leaf cutter bee emerged from one of the old sealed tubes a few weeks ago. I put the lack of nesting last year down to the boxes being sited on my wobbly decking, and this Spring moved the bee houses to a more stable base, and hoped for the best.

And now, just a few weeks after I saw this first bee emerge, I seem to have three species of leaf cutter in my garden. I have never tried to identify my leaf cutters to species before, and it is quite difficult with these little bees. There are seven species of leaf cutter (Megachile) in this country. This site has photographs of all of them, but I’m still dithering over which is which in my garden! However, I am hoping to be able to identify them properly soon, having requested a back copy of British Wildlife Magazine (vol. 10, no. 6), which contains, I’m told, the best guide to leaf cutters currently available. Hopefully when this arrives I’ll be closer to knowing the species of my bees – so long as they can be identified from photographs, rather than via dead specimens and microscopes.

So, let me show you what I’ve seen in the garden so far!

A surprise hatching and an early arrival at the nests:

Above left: My unexpected hatching emerged from a narrow bamboo tube on 20th June, in need of a clean-up. You can read more about this hatching, with photographs, in a previous blog post. Above centre and right: Two days later I saw this bee with pollen all over its face, going in and out of one of the cardboard tubes of the bee house. From its size I would say it was the same bee. It has now been going back and forth into this tube for almost two weeks, carrying pollen on the hairs of the lower half of its abdomen, as can be seen in the right hand photograph. The presence of these hairs is an identifying feature of leaf cutter bees, but also of other types of bee such as the Osmia (see comments). These are the first few pictures I managed to caputure of this bee which is very quick in flight, coming out of the tube like a bullet out of a gun, so they are none too sharp!

After two weeks of observation I have yet to see it enter the tube with a leaf piece, and it is still working away deep in the tube, building up its nest slowly. Hopefully when it is finished I will be able to see what it’s building the cells from. It must be using very small pieces of leaf that I can’t see as it whizzes past. And I have still not captured on camera its front end as it enters the tube. Most of the leafcutters I have ever tried to photograph approach the tubes with great pieces of leaf and fly uncertainly at times, allowing a bumbling photographer a fair crack at a shot. This little bee flies almost straight into the tube!

Update: see pictures below and comments for a probable identification for this little bee as Osmia.

A beauty in the garden:

Above: Two days after I had noticed the small leafcutter had moved into the bee tubes, I spotted this bee on the pink flowers of one of the succulent plants. This is quite obviously a different type of bee, which is much larger and fatter than the one nesting in the tubes. I have seen this bee in the garden now for a couple of weeks, either on this succulent or on the borage flowers, but I have not seen it nesting or collecting leaves for its nest.

Another leafcutter at the bee houses:

Above left: A day or so after I first saw the beautiful fat leaf cutter on the succulents, I saw this similarly-sized bee investigating the bee houses. I only had a brief view of it the first few days. The weather wasn’t particularly good, and it was buzzing around and then flying off before I could even focus on it properly, as you can see. The thorax looked white with either pollen or sawdust from the tubes, so I could not be sure if it was the same bee a little the worse for its travel or an entirely different bee. It took me several days of watching both bees, and some much better photographs to decide that this was most probably a third leaf cutter species.

Above right and far right: The bees have a choice of tube to nest in at the bee houses. There are the cardboard tubes from the Oxford Bee Company (available at Wiggly Wigglers here), bamboo canes and sweet cicely stems of various thicknesses, some bored logs, and a bee block (far right). I’ll give a run-down on which bee has settled into which tube in a later post. You can see how close the bee homes are to my garden chair, which illustrates how safe it is to encourage them to your garden.

A bit of a clear out:

Above: On a sunny morning a few days later, I found the second fat bee clearing out one of the old bamboo canes which had been nested in a previous year. You may wonder why it is that these bees seem to prefer the labour of emptying a tube which has been nested in previously to using a fresh, unused tube, as I do! It is a task of several hours to remove all the old debris from a used tube, when there are what seems perfectly good clear tubes right near by. Above left: here you see her kicking some of the smaller bits of leaf and other debris back behind her onto the floor. The centre pictures show her dragging out a larger piece of old leaf. She flies a few feet from the nest to drop these larger pieces away from the site, but as there are often several pieces together due to the way the nest is constructed, some pieces fall below. This far right photograph shows the curvature of the old leaf pieces which were cut and positioned by a bee in previous years. More on the construction of these nests can be seen in this earlier post.

In the interests of identification, the second from left shot above shows that this bee has dark hairs on the last two segments of her abdomen, which is different from the all golden or yellow hairs on the ‘succulent bee’ above. This is the kind of detail which I am hoping will help me to identify the species when I receive my guide.

Above left: While all this clearing was taking place, the first leafcutter was zipping in and out of the cardboard tube just above this bee’s head. The smaller bee can just be seen poking it’s head out tentatively at one point. Generally speaking leaf cutters, as many other solitary bees including the miner bees, will live side-by-side and seem actually to prefer it to nesting alone, despite their ‘solitary’ name. However, I have noticed the bees having small spats, and I will describe some of these in a later blog post. The picture above left shows quite clearly the considerable difference in size between these two bees, which is one of the things I find difficult to envisage from descriptions in identification guides.

And some exploring – uncertain where to nest?

Above: After excavating the bamboo for quite some time, the bee decided to explore all the other options in the bee house. I don’t know whether she had found some problem with the bamboo, or what reason there was for this, since she eventually went back to finish clearing and start laying in the original place. But here you see her exploring the sweet cicely stems, and the cardboard tubes which were quite a squeeze for this bee, while the smaller leaf cutter can actually turn round inside these tubes. She then got herself covered in sawdust while exploring the drilled logs, and lastly exploring the bee block.

She also flew over the top of the nests several times and all around it, and then flew all around me to make sure I was not a threat. Eventually she began to settle again in her bamboo tube, which is where we will find her in a future post, since this one has become so long.

In the meantime, it’s still not too late to set up some tubes, or build a solitary bee home yourself. It really is worthwhile, since these bees do so many interesting things you can see right up close, and they are very unlikely to sting, and do not swarm or attack – see the bee pages for more information:

| Bee Pages | All about Bee Houses|

Update: Unexpected hatching bee a probable Osmia.

Above: Thanks to Alan who kindly commented on the photographs in this post it seems very likely that this small bee is not a ‘leaf cutter’ but another bee which uses leaves to construct its nest - an Osmia. See the comments for Alan’s ideas on this, in which he describes the way this bee uses leaves to construct its nest. The photographs above seem to confirm this identification. Above left: I managed to retrieve the plug which the first bee had pushed aside in hatching, and on close inspection it does indeed appear to have been made from chewed leaves (centre left). This is supported by the centre right picture, which shows one of these bees entering a tube with a tiny piece of leaf, which is not big enough to seal a tube on its own, and would need ‘stitching’ together in some way. Far right: The end sealing of this year’s nest appears to be of the same construction – chewed leaves.

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Well I’ve been very busy drawing my ink bees and learning how to photograph insects! I have quite a bit to update, as ever, but for now I thought I’d report on an unexpected hatching at the leafcutter bee nests.

After the leaf cutter bees hatched last year, there was just a little interest in the nests before they were abandoned. I wrote in this post that I thought that vibrations from the decking had put off the bees from using my nests, and earlier this year I relocated them onto a stone wall which I built for the purpose. And hoped to at least get some bees nesting again this year.

I’ve had quite a few people asking in the past week whether they should start investigating their bee tubes, as they had not seen any hatch and it seemed to be getting quite late in the year, the leaf-cutters usually having hatched by now. Unfortunately I couldn’t make any comparison with my bees, as I thought I had none waiting to hatch after last year’s abandonment of the nests. However, this morning I noticed for the first time some leaf-cutters were using my new nest site, and I settled down to see if I could get any photographs. But it was late afternoon and the sun was not on the nest entrances, so things were quite dark and difficult for bee photography. And I’d forgotten just how fast these bees move! I resigned myself to no good photographs today, but will try again in the morning when the light should be better and in the right direction.

I haven’t seen any holes in my rose leaves yet, and none of the three bees I saw flying into the tubes were carrying leaf pieces, but were covered on their lower bodies with pollen. But as I observed the tubes I was surprised to see a shuffling in one of the old bamboo tubes which I thought had been laid into and not hatched two years ago (from the pen mark on the edge of the bamboo which I used to keep track of which tubes were sealed in 2009). It seemed as if the old plug, which I was sure was two years old, was being shoved aside by something inside the bamboo. Fascinated, I started photographing the tube, and was completely surprised when the jaws of a bee appeared.

I can’t imagine that this bee has been in there two years, so I must have missed this particular tube being re-used last summer. What a marvellous surprise, and how unfortunate that the light was so bad – almost every shot is blurry! However, I think you can just see enough to make out that the bee pushes the old plug away, rather than eating its way out in the usual manner. It then rests for a while, covered in old pollen and looking very unlike a leafcutter to my eyes (see note below). It was quite aware that I was there, and looked at me from several angles as I attempted to hold the camera still enough to get a decent shot in the poor light.

After a while the bee retreated into the bamboo, and emerged several minutes later looking slightly cleaner. It then came out of the tube, popped into another and turned round, having little clean-ups every now and then. After a while it was looking more like a hairy leafcutter, and took one final short rest on the nest before flying off into some nearby bushes and out of my sight.

Just a note on the date. I normally say my leafcutters emerge towards the end of the first week of June, so I would say that the bees are slightly late this year. So if you are someone wondering whether to start prodding your nests in case there are bees trapped along the tube, perhaps hold off!? Please leave comments below if you have bees hatching or not hatching or beginning to lay. I do have quite a few visitors looking for bee information and you may help someone along the way.

It’s not too late to build or set up some bee nests yourself this year. These are wonderful insects for children to observe as they are very unlikely to sting, and do not swarm. Read more about solitary bees on the Bee Pages:

| Bee Pages | 

Update: This bee has now nested in the bee houses, and from the nature of its nest it can be identified as an Osmia – see this post.

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I wrote earlier in the year about miner bees mating in the bamboo, and wondered whether they would move in to the garden to dig their nests. At the end of that previous post you may have seen that yes, they began to colonise some of the ground where I had seen a ‘mysterious hole’! There were I think four types of miner bees around the bamboo in March, however just one type nested, below the Woodruff, in soil that is quite sandy.

Miner bees are solitary bees, meaning that they do not live in hives or communities, and each female builds and provisions her own individual nest. However, these like many other solitary bees, do like to build their nests in close proximity, as can be seen under the woodruff in the pictures below (click on thumbnails for a closer look):

The miner bee nest site:

Above left: Three nest entrances, near to the plants so that other than in heavy rain, they are sheltered from droplets. Above centre left: A closer view of some of the nest entrances. These tunnels, which are about the width of a pencil, are dug down into the soil several inches, and many side-chambers are excavated, into which the female lays her eggs, sealing them with food she has provided for the development of the young bee. Above centre right: During particuarly wet weather the bees seem to seal off the nests near the surface with a little chewed material. On drier days they will pull over a leaf or a small piece of wood or clump of earth to cover the entrance. Above right: this nest is alone at the side of the path, but has the same kind of bee nesting in it. You can quite clearly see the little mound of excavated material, which has a characteristic texture.

Leaving the nest and foraging:

Above left: It took several days for the bees to get used to me poking my lens near their nests. At first they would stay in the entrance to the nest if they spotted me. A combination of their getting used to the camera, and my learning to keep down nearer the earth so that they didn’t see me until they were half out of the nest allowed me to finally get some shots of the bees in the entrance ways. To the right of this bee is a large clump of earth which she rolls over the entrance at night or in poorer weather, and sometimes when she leaves the nest. Above centre left: A bee leaves the nest. They do move quite quickly, and in order to get a shot of them leaving one has about a second. They spend another fifteen minutes or so away from the nest gathering pollen, and then return and enter the nest even more quickly (see below). Then you have about five minutes to wait while the bee unloads her pollen before she will again come to the surface and you have another opportunity to take a photograph. If you are able to spend enough time by the nests you will be able to time one and another bee’s coming and going so that you can get several opportunities for photographs in half an hour. However, it does require an awful lot of patience! Above right: Two shots of a bee gathering pollen. I don’t know which flowers the bees were using at first, as they were not gathering anything from my garden; even though the woodruff was close by, they did not show an interest in it. I did catch this one bee on a yellow poppy, but this is the only time for weeks when I saw them feeding in my garden.

Returning to the nest:

Above left: Some of the nest entrances are down in the earth right inside the plants themselves, and this means that the bee has to make several passes over the woodruff in order to locate the nest. As you can see in these shots the bee has collected pollen all over her legs, and this is how they appear on their return. In the first shot she is flying back and forth trying to locate the nest, and in the second picture she has found the way, and is climbing down the plants towards the nest entrance. Bees leaving nests underneath the plants also make a few zig-zagging passes over the plants just before they leave, which would seem to allow them to remember where the nests are in the tangle of foliage. Above right: a bee lands in open ground and luckily for me she had left a lump of earth over her nest, allowing me less than a second to take a shot before she disappears inside! More usually they are quicker than this, and I have plenty of blurred photographs as I try to follow the bee and focus quickly.

Most of these shots were taken with my old compact camera, some with my new Canon compact camera. In later posts I’ll show you some of the images I’m getting with my DSLR and new macro lens.

More photographs of bees as well as illustrations and drawings can be found on the
| Bee Pages |

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A little update following on from Monday’s post about the bee activity in the garden.

As the weather has continued mostly dry and warm, and getting drier and warmer, there has been more bee activity in the bamboo, with a number of solitary bees flying and mating. I have also been able to identify the types of bee, with some careful study, and a little helpful confirmation from Damian at Help Save Bees.

Some of the solitary bees currenty active in the garden:

Above: The two pictures on the left are of a female Tawny mining bee, and I think this is the same female who was here at the weekend. Haven’t seen a male so far. The more common of the solitary bees at the moment here is shown in the two pictures on the right, which I captured this morning, resting on one of the roses. It is the Early mining bee.

This bee below is probably another mining bee, Andrena carantonica, which likes to nest under paths and stones, according to this useful website: Garden Safari.

Update: I think it is more likely to be Andrena cineraria, or Ashy mining bee, see this: Information sheet. Some sites mention its bluish tinge, which certainly fits with what I saw. Unfortunately I haven’t seen this bee again.

I think all the solitary bees at the moment are types of mining bee, which make their nests underground. This is a bee I have not seen before in my garden, however this could simply be because I haven’t paid attention! However, I did quite a bit of clearing of some areas a few weekends ago, ready to plant some bee-friendly plants, and the resulting bare patches of earth may have attracted these bees. I can’t imagine I would have missed the tawny mining bee before, as she’s so very brightly coloured. I’m hoping that at least some of them nest in my garden this year. The soil is quite sandy, which I have read that they prefer.

And here below are the Early mining bees mating, captured yesterday in quite windy conditions, so I was very lucky I happened not only to spot this pair, but that the leaves stopped thrashing around long enough to get them more or less in focus:

Above:
1. Female resting on leaf, seems to be depositing pollen from her feet to the leaf.
2. Pollen can be seen on the leaf, meanwhile the male is visible, hovering above.
3. The male, smaller and more slender than the female, lands on the leaf.
4. Male and female together.

Below:
5-7. Mating takes place (in 6, the male is balancing on his wing tips).
8. The scene from slightly further out.

And just a last couple of photos for today, below. I decided to see if I could see any nesting activity for the mining bees, and came across this hole in the soil (possibly one of my least exciting photos!), which is approximately the right size for a mining bee (the diameter of a pencil). However, I didn’t see any bee activity around it, and it could just be, well, a hole of no particular importance! While I was waiting for a bee to turn up, I spotted this wasp collecting nesting material from an old piece of wood.

Since there is such a lot of bee activity this year in the garden I’ve decided to invest in a proper macro lens for my SLR. All these pictures so far have been taken with my compact camera with it’s ‘macro’ setting on. So, hopefully I’ll be getting some better quality shots on here soon.

Update 8th April: This Hairy footed flower bee, below, another solitary bee, on the white dead nettle this afternoon. This bee looks like a black bumblebee, but it darts around very quickly rather than ‘bumbling’. It could see me with the camera and was hiding quite a bit, but managed to get some rather blurred pics. I’ll try to capture it again with the new lens.

Update 12th April: Below: This male Hairy footed flower bee was in the garden today. They move very quickly, and of all the bees I have seen they are the most interested in me, often ‘buzzing’ the camera or my head while I’m trying to take a photo! This one below, was enjoying a quiet moment on an old plastic pot. Below right: you can see his cheeky-looking face, and enormous eyes.

Update 20th April: Below: I’m still not certain whether the hole in the ground had any significance, but since then I have discovered what are definitely the nests of mining bees. A couple are alongside the path (below left), while the majority are in the soil at the edge of some woodruff. I noticed one entrance two days ago, then another couple appeared the next day, and today there are about seven. I think there are at least three bees at work, but there could be more. Unfortunately they seem very sensitive to my crashing around, however quiet I try to be, and so far all I have are photographs of the bees in the entrance to the nests: below centre and right.

I will keep photographing the bees, since I want plenty of material for the bee drawings I’m working on.

All updates to the bee activity will now go in a future blog post, and extra photographs will be on my Bee Photography page.

Also – see the Bee Pages on the right hand menu!

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I thought I’d update with some news about the bees – both those in the garden, and on my drawing table. However, as this post became quite long in the writing, I have decided to put the new drawings into a separate blog post (coming soon).

Improving the solitary bee houses:

Late last month I decided to improve the site of the solitary bee nests, both enlarging the number and type of nest available, and moving them from the decking, as I think that the vibrations caused by people walking about discouraged the bees last year. Above left I’m drilling holes in the untreated wood, then tidying up with sandpaper. Finally above right is the new site of the nests, sheltered under the roof of an old hedgehog house, and resting on some bricks for stability. Read more about making solitary bee houses in these new sections on the Solitary Bee Houses and Leafcutter Bees.

A tired bumblebee:

Temperatures have been increasing over the past weeks, and bee activity in general increasing with bumblebees and honeybees flying in and out of the garden. I have never been able to get a bumblebee to nest in my garden, so I have to make do with their passing visits. Last week I rescued a buff tailed bumblebee which I found in the house, upside down and appearing quite dead. However, her legs waved weakly when I touched her, and so I righted the bee in a dish and supplied her with sugar water. Above left you see the bee, and the tongue clearly against the glass and white paper of the dish. Centre: the bee rests on some fencing material before finally flying off about twenty minutes after I found her in the house. The bee above right in the fritillary was photographed a few days later – not the same bee, but quite engrossed in what she’s doing!

Some solitary bee activity:

This past Saturday there was a very warm sunny morning and many types of bees could be seen flying above the solitary bee houses, resting occasionally on the bamboo plants, where I managed to photograph a few! It was not an easy task, given that it was quite breezy and the bees were darting around very quickly in between brief rests on the leaves. But even when the bees settled it was difficult to focus on the small bees on the waving bamboo, as you can imagine. A photograph below shows the clump of bamboo which is above the nests – the bees were darting in and out of it most of the day. Click on the thumbnails for more detail.

These are not the Leafcutter bees, who will not make an appearance until early June.

The bee above left was a beautiful red colour, and the centre left shot shows the mouth of this bee, which seems built for rolling mud balls, and so I think this is a red mason bee (update – this is a tawny mining bee, identified from photographs here). Centre right a bluish bee – do you have any idea what it is? I saw both these bees (or perhaps more than one?) a few times during the afternoon. Most common was the bee above right, which was present most of the afternoon, and there seemed to be several of them. I am still finding it quite difficult to identify the various types of bees, despite referring to guides and identification charts and photographs.  There are so many variations of colour and shape, and every species seems to look different from photograph to photograph! I’m still very much learning how to tell one bee from another, so if you can identify any of these bees I’d love you to get in touch – email link is below, or there is a tab above for making comments – thanks in advance!

Other bees, flies and wasps were also enjoying the sunshine. Including this honey bee, below centre, which can be identified by the pollen sacks, and this below right, which I think is a Narcissus fly, doing a very good impression of a bumblebee.

Fabre’s Mason Bees:

Finally, for now, a little note about “The Mason Bees“, by Jean-Henri Fabre, which I spent some time reading last week. It’s a fascinating and engaging read, full of the observations and thoughts of this pioneering entomologist. It really is a series of essays which describe Fabre’s first enounter with the bees while he was a schoolteacher, and a number of his experiments and hypotheses. The entire text can be read in several places online, including here at Project Gutenberg.

An update to this page can be found here: About the bees II.

A post about the bee drawings coming soon!

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Just a little update to show you what’s happening with the leaf-cutter bees at the moment.

I think the bees are a little later than usual this year, but they have finally been hatching out over the past week. On the left is a bee coming out of its tube, while on the right is a newly-hatched bee resting before it flies away. Now if you are wondering why the tube is sitting there on a plant pot rather than in the usual bee house here’s the reason. There were not as many tubes in total sealed last year as usual (only about ten), and almost half of those had not hatched at all by this week, which seems to me to be very late. So I decided to take a look to see what was happening inside the tubes.

I took a sharp stanley knife and gently scraped away the first few discs of leaves and discovered that one of the tubes had in fact become infected with mites, which you can see in the below left picture. All the bees in that tube had died or never made it to adulthood. I removed these cells by cutting into the cardboard tube. A second tube had a dead bee in its early stages of life in the first cell. I removed this cell and then, in quick succession, the other bees came out. I managed to photograph and video some of this. I think they must have been queueing up to escape and were wondering what was happening ahead in the tube, as usually the bees will spend several minutes resting and cleaning themselves before they come out, but these seemed more than ready to fly away. I have often wondered what happens if the first few bees in the nest die, because it seems to me that the ones back in the tube would never get out.

Another thing I’ve done this year is to remove the paper lining from inside the cardboard tubes, which the bees really don’t like (above centre). Pictures in earlier posts show you the bees clearing these out themselves. I don’t know whether the paper smells oddly or what it is they don’t like about it. I also found that the manufacturers had used glue to attach the paper to the plastic end plugs which seal up the rear of the tubes. So they’ve gone too, and I think the bees will seal the far end of the tubes themselves. So above right you can see what the bee houses look like today.

A result of my fiddling with some of the empty nests allows me to show you some shots of how the cells are put together by the bees. Especially interesting to me was the way they cut two different shapes out of the leaves in order to make their cells: circular pieces to seal the ends of the cell (they use several of these, possibly as many as ten to make a little plug, below right), and a more elongated shape, which they use to form the sides of the cells:

So today I think will see the hatching of the final leaf-cutters for this year, and there is a male already buzzing around the houses waiting to mate, so hopefully I’ll get some nesting this year. Finally, here’s the video. It takes the bee a little while to come out, mainly because I’m thumping around on the decking and it can hear me… and then he comes in close to take a look at me and then flies away: 

More posts about the leaf-cutter bees, including information about their life-history, how to attract them to your garden.

And another great solitary bee blog with masses of information, pictures and videos.

 | Solitary Bee Pages |

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I am still wondering whether or not my hedgehog made it through this very hard winter. I know that they generally don’t live very long lives, and that my hedgehog was probably at least two years old, but I am still hopeful of seeing him again. The place where his house is situated is in constant shade, and temperatures there haven’t yet been very high so far this year, but I know that other local people have seen hedgehogs already. I have had a look up the little tunnel leading to his nest a few times and it seems to me that the leaves have moved recently, but I can’t be certain, so today I put a fews pieces of straw across the entrance and I’ll look to see if they have moved tomorrow. I leave him a few raisins and some fresh water out every evening just in case, since hedgehogs are very thirsty as well as hungry when they wake up. The raisins don’t go to waste as the blackbirds soon eat them once morning comes. So, fingers crossed he made it and I’ll see him soon.

In the meantime, I have been reading about the chalk model of a hedgehog which was found some time ago in a child’s grave at Stonehenge. Reports with pictures can be found here and here. The grave has been dated to between 800 B.C. and 20 B.C, and the find has been cited as evidence that people were making toys for their children in these early times. However, I am reminded of the hedgehog models from earlier graves in Greece and elsewhere which do not seem to have been toys at all. They were created out of faience (scroll down for an example here), and pottery (example from the British Museum here), and in some cases formed into vessels which seem to have been used to contain libations or liquid offerings for the dead. The most well-known of these is the vessel from the cemetery at Chalandriani on the Cycladic island of Syros (see images of it here), dated to between 2700 B.C and 2200 B.C. I have had a ‘museum copy’ of this hedgehog for many years on my shelf (click on thumbnails for a closer look):

As you can see, there is a hole within the bowl that the hedgehog is holding, which would have allowed the hollow clay model to be used as a vessel, and I do not think this, or any of the Greek hedgehogs, could be considered to have been a toy. People have speculated on the exact function of these hedgehogs, and even whether the animal in some cases is not a bear. However, I think that this is clearly meant to be a hedgehog from the appearance of the painted pattern along its humped back; a means of representing hedgehog’s spines that can be seen in other representations of this animal in the links above. And the reason that depictions of hedgehogs were placed with the dead? Perhaps the simplest idea is true: that the hedgehog was known to hibernate for many months, appearing dead but re-emerging full of life, an obvious symbol of resurrection, and therefore a perfectly understandable effigy to place in a grave.

More information on British hedgehogs, including how to encourage them to your garden and what to do if you find an injured or sick hedgehog can be found on the website for the British Hedgehog Preservation Society.

Earlier posts about my hedgehog.

Latest news: Update: The hedgehog finally re-appeared on the evenings of 23rd and 24th April when he or she was seen eating a few raisins, and taking some water before heading off down the garden at speed. I did try to get a photograph through the catflap but it didn’t turn out very well and I am always wary of scaring him with the flash. So, unfortunately I have no pictures to show. I haven’t seen him again since then, and I assume he’s either changed his pattern or perhaps gone back to sleep or moved on. I will of course update with any further news. It is amazing to think that he was probably asleep all that time from early November to the end of April – almost half a year. I’m so happy that he made it through the long, hard winter!

Update: I saw him again during the hot weather at the end of May, and managed to get a few new pictures:

Just as a quick P.S., someone wrote to me recently to ask how I was getting on with my Epson printer. I have tried to reply a couple of times but my email has been returned undeliverable. If this is you, please write again perhaps with another email address? I will soon be updating my blog with reports on my printer and scanner, just to bring things up to date.

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As I wrote in my earlier post on the hedgehog, he has settled into his new home right outside my back door. While there were a few nights last week when I didn’t see the little fellow and thought he may have gone for his big winter sleep, he has been up and about as much as usual this past weekend. He’s still eating well, and taking new leaves and hay into his home after he has a meal, water, and a bit of a scratch. He takes in the leaves and hay with his mouth and it is fascinating to see him so determined to make his nest so comfortable. Here are a couple of new pictures taken this week:

This is the time of year when all over the country hedgehogs are looking for a cosy pile of wood and leaves in which to rest and hibernate. This unfortunately coincides with Bonfire Night and general garden fires, meaning that there is a great danger every year that hedgehogs are killed and injured in bonfires. But you can take steps to prevent this! If you are building a bonfire in your garden, please remember to stack material in a separate place beforehand, and only build the bonfire on the night you intend to light it. This way any animals who are sheltering in the dry material can escape elsewhere.

If you have time, you could also contact places you know who are organising fires and ask them to take care to preserve these wonderful little creatures. Here’s one example of some of the campaigns to help hedgehogs on bonfire night, which can be replicated at your local bonfire: Guards hired to protect hedgehogs and video here.

If you are interested in creating a hedgehog home in your garden, it’s still not too late, and you will find information on how to do this at the British Hedgehog Preservation Society, and on other websites such as this one I discovered yesterday: Ron’s Hedgehogs, with details here on creating a hedgehog house.

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Last summer (2008) I was very surprised to see a young hedgehog quite happily bumbling around my garden in broad daylight. I was so surprised the first time it happened I didn’t even have time to reach for my camera, but the second time I managed to take a video of him eating some cat food, which I’ll try to post very soon! I saw him once or twice over that summer, and this prompted the purchase of a hedgehog house from the local garden centre (click on pics for larger image):

The instructions said to place some leaves inside the house, but to put plenty of leaves outside, as hedgehogs like to take them inside and arrange things for themselves! The wood didn’t appear to offer much protection against the rain, and so after positioning it, I added some roof slates and bricks. As far as I know the hedgehog spent last winter in this house, but as the branches grew down and it became quite inaccessible to me, I could only judge by the beaten-down appearance of the ground in front of the house, glimpsed by the light of a torch.

Over this past summer I caught sight of the hedgehog a few times; once memorably at dawn when I was again startled by the little fellow rushing out of the gloom and straight towards me. In recent weeks, as the nights have started to draw in, I have again seen him more often, and bought some hedgehog food which he seemed to eat once or twice. But then I started to see him now and then eating the dried cat food that I had left for Tigs, and it became a habit for me to leave him out a little bowl of food near the back door. As a result, he began to make nightly visits and I was able to take these pictures through the cat-flap:

He doesn’t seem to mind the flash, but I try not to take too many in case he gets upset.

Just about a week ago now I noticed that whatever time I was up and about in the middle of the night he would either be eating, or napping in a pile of leaves under the fence not far from the back door. I couldn’t believe my eyes at first, but yes, there he was all snuggled up and having a bit of a rest before coming back for a bit of a wander round the bowls of food and water, and the occasional scratch. In fact it became almost guaranteed that I would see him up to something any time I looked out of the window. He now enjoys a slightly more varied diet of dried hedgehog food, dried cat food, peanuts, sunflower seeds (which he’s not keen on) and his favourite: raisins.

One night last week I sneaked outside while he was napping and managed to get this shot of him, in which you can see him amongst the leaves, with the little shelter of slate I had put up in case he got dripped on:

This past weekend I decided to put up a proper little house for him there, as he seemed to love the spot, and so I bought a slightly different model of house which is igloo-shaped, and of a kind of brushwood on a frame. It seemed to me that this would be cosier for him than the wooden house type. However, the construction is only meant to be a shelter I think, and it advises covering. So as you can see from the pictures below I placed the structure on a little pallet, then surrounded it with bricks and covered it with roofing felt, packing the space between with plenty of straw. I then put a few handfuls of dry leaves inside, and left piles outside for him to take in himself. Then I waited and hoped that he wasn’t too disgusted at what I’d done to his little napping shelter!

Before I went to bed that night I saw him furtling around in the area of the new house, but it wasn’t til the next morning, around half past six, that he was seen taking some leaves into his new home. As usual he was bustling really fast, and it was amazing to see him carrying the leaves in his mouth and rushing inside his igloo! Since then I’ve put several more fresh piles of dry leaves outside, and he’s taken lots inside, so I think he is probably going to make this his winter retreat. I will make sure he’s nice and cosy by adding some fleece to the top once I can get hold of some.

I’ve been trying to get a picture of him carrying leaves, but it’s terribly difficult without disturbing him, even though he’s only about six feet from my back door! I have to poke my little camera through the cat flap, which isn’t the best position to photograph anything. These are the best one’s I’ve managed to date, taken last night while he was carrying leaves into the nest, although admittedly he could be doing anything from the photos (click on them for a slightly better image):

I’ll try to get some better pictures if I can. In the meantime here are some links to places you can find out more information on saving hedgehogs, and buy hedgehog houses:

British Hedgehog Preservation Society including page on making hedgehog houses and lots of other information.

Wiggly Wigglers hedgehog house, although many garden centres have plenty of wildlife habitats for sale, which is where we bought ours.

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